To me, Ikemba (Dim) Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu remains a Nigerian icon. He might not necessarily be seen as hero to many Nigerians, but he was one of those leaders, worthy, who shaped Nigeria. Methinks it was unfortunate he was born in this era, and probably a younger Ojukwu today, or in the last decade would have made very significantly positive contributions to the progress of this country.
To me, I will never lose respect for him. It is often the case that when people like Ojukwu die, all kinds of encomiums and eulogies will be written. Nobody will ever see him in a bad light.
To me he was a Liberator of his people; to me, he was the “Rebel Leader of Biafra”, as we used to hear in those days of the Civil War; but he was not a tribal leader, never a tribal leader. The man was too liberated, too intelligent and too educated to descend that low. This I hope we will all agree on. He did all he could to keep Nigeria one but under a very different and difficult circumstance when he could no longer see any alternative.
A privileged upbringing and best education with one of the then richest men in Nigeria as a father, Odumegwu, rather than rely on the wealth of his father, chose to enter the common workforce by joining the Civil Service and was then inclined to join the Army, all against the wishes of his father. This, even at the early beginnings, show
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Mind you, Ojukwu was not a Hero, but an Icon; the reason being that it is difficult and not appropriate to label him such because, ultimately, he should take and share the blame for the millions of Igbos and other Nigerians who lost their lives as a result of the Biafra War. This is purely my opinion, and I am sure others will not agree with my use of those nouns, but one thing is that I have never perceived him as a villain of the piece. He will always be my hard-faced, bearded, strong and intelligent leader. He did what he felt he had to do then.
A true Nigerian Icon has gone. May his soul rest in perfect peace.
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
Tuesday, November 8, 2011
How to make banana cake
Methods of making banana cake
Preheat the oven to Fan bake on 165 C/ 320 F. Ready the shelf in the middle of the oven.
Into a large bowl, or cake mixer bowl place the softened butter, dark brown sugar and caster sugar and cream well with a wooden spoon or cake mixer paddle until light and fluffy and the sugar begins to dissolve. This should take about 3 minutes of steady mixing.
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Add the eggs one at a time, mixing well between each addition. At this stage of the cake making process, mixing well is essential to fully incorporate the ingredients and it also helps to incorporate air into the mix which will assist the cake in rising upon baking.
Peel and mash the bananas well with a fork and mix them through the batter mixture. Bring to the boil the milk and stir into it the baking powder. You will notice the mixture becomes frothy, which is the bicarb soda reacting with the hot milk. This will help to get good rise out of the cake as it cooks.
Sift together the flours and baking powder and add to the mixing bowl along with the salt. Fold gently and evenly until combined, making sure not to over mix at this stage as over mixing could result in a tough rubbery cake.
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Spray a 20-22cm non stick springform cake-tin with nonstick cooking spray and pour the batter into the tin. Tap gently to even out the mixture and place on a shelf in the middle of a pre heat oven.
Bake for 50-60 minutes or until a skewer inserted into the middle of the cake comes out clean.
Cool on a wire rack and serve The banana cake in big slices with butter, whipped cream or plain.
THE Banana Cake
Ingredients
Makes 1 20-22 cm round cake
190g unsalted butter ~ cut into cubes and softened at room temperature
200g dark brown sugar
60g caster sugar
3 large eggs
4 very ripe mashed banana’s
3 Tbsp milk ~ brought to the boil
1 1/2 tsp baking powder
200g plain flour
130g cake flour
1/2 tsp salt
Preheat the oven to Fan bake on 165 C/ 320 F. Ready the shelf in the middle of the oven.
Into a large bowl, or cake mixer bowl place the softened butter, dark brown sugar and caster sugar and cream well with a wooden spoon or cake mixer paddle until light and fluffy and the sugar begins to dissolve. This should take about 3 minutes of steady mixing.
If you also want to more about adf.ly, follow this link http://adf.ly/?id=957714
Add the eggs one at a time, mixing well between each addition. At this stage of the cake making process, mixing well is essential to fully incorporate the ingredients and it also helps to incorporate air into the mix which will assist the cake in rising upon baking.
Peel and mash the bananas well with a fork and mix them through the batter mixture. Bring to the boil the milk and stir into it the baking powder. You will notice the mixture becomes frothy, which is the bicarb soda reacting with the hot milk. This will help to get good rise out of the cake as it cooks.
Sift together the flours and baking powder and add to the mixing bowl along with the salt. Fold gently and evenly until combined, making sure not to over mix at this stage as over mixing could result in a tough rubbery cake.
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
Spray a 20-22cm non stick springform cake-tin with nonstick cooking spray and pour the batter into the tin. Tap gently to even out the mixture and place on a shelf in the middle of a pre heat oven.
Bake for 50-60 minutes or until a skewer inserted into the middle of the cake comes out clean.
Cool on a wire rack and serve The banana cake in big slices with butter, whipped cream or plain.
THE Banana Cake
Ingredients
Makes 1 20-22 cm round cake
190g unsalted butter ~ cut into cubes and softened at room temperature
200g dark brown sugar
60g caster sugar
3 large eggs
4 very ripe mashed banana’s
3 Tbsp milk ~ brought to the boil
1 1/2 tsp baking powder
200g plain flour
130g cake flour
1/2 tsp salt
Monday, October 10, 2011
Monday, November 8, 2010
Nigeria National Football Team
The Nigeria national football team, nicknamed the Super Eagles, is the national team of Nigeria and is controlled by the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF). The team has ranked as high as 5th in the FIFA World Rankings, in April 1994. They won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the Africa Cup of Nations on two occasions, and have reacjavascript:void(0)
Publish Posthed the World Cup finals four times. As of 4 October 2010, the Nigerian National Football team has been banned from international football indefinitely due to government interference.[3] The ban has been 'provisionally lifted' until the 26 October, the day after the National Association of Nigerian Footballers is expected to drop its court case against the NFF.
Recent Result
2010-03-03
Nigeria 5–2 Congo DR Abuja Stadium, Abuja
2010-05-25
Nigeria 0–0 Saudi Arabia Alpenstadion, Wattens, Austria
Report
2010-05-30
Nigeria 1–1 Colombia Stadium:mk, Milton Keynes, England
Lukman Goal 70' Report Valdez Goal 22'
2010-06-06
Nigeria 3–1 Korea DPR Makhulong Stadium, Tembisa, South Africa
Yakubu Goal 17'
Nsofor Goal 60'
Martins Goal 89' Report
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The abortive Third Republic
Main article: Nigerian Third Republic
Head of State, Babangida, promised to return the country to civilian rule by 1990 which was later extended until January 1993. In early 1989 a constituent assembly completed a constitution and in the spring of 1989 political activity was again permitted. In October 1989 the government established two parties, the National Republican Convention (NRC) and the Social Democratic party (SDP) - other parties were not allowed to register.
In April 1990 mid-level officers attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret trials before military tribunals. In December 1990 the first stage of partisan elections was held at the local government level. Despite low turnout there was no violence and both parties demonstrated strength in all regions of the country, with the SDP winning control of a majority of local government councils.
In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. These were canceled due to fraud and subsequent primaries scheduled for September also were canceled. All announced candidates were disqualified from standing for president once a new election format was selected. The presidential election was finally held on June 12, 1993 with the inauguration of the new president scheduled to take place August 27, 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babangida's coming to power.
In the historic June 12, 1993 presidential elections, which most observers deemed to be Nigeria's fairest, early returns indicated that wealthy Yoruba businessman M.K.O. Abiola won a decisive victory. However, on June 23, Babangida, using several pending lawsuits as a pretense, annulled the election, throwing Nigeria into turmoil. More than 100 were killed in riots before Babangida agreed to hand power to an interim government on August 27, 1993. He later attempted to renege this decision, but without popular and military support, he was forced to hand over to Ernest Shonekan, a prominent nonpartisan businessman. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. Although he had led Babangida's Transitional Council since 1993, Shonekan was unable to reverse Nigeria's economic problems or to defuse lingering political tension.
Publish Posthed the World Cup finals four times. As of 4 October 2010, the Nigerian National Football team has been banned from international football indefinitely due to government interference.[3] The ban has been 'provisionally lifted' until the 26 October, the day after the National Association of Nigerian Footballers is expected to drop its court case against the NFF.
Recent Result
2010-03-03
Nigeria 5–2 Congo DR Abuja Stadium, Abuja
2010-05-25
Nigeria 0–0 Saudi Arabia Alpenstadion, Wattens, Austria
Report
2010-05-30
Nigeria 1–1 Colombia Stadium:mk, Milton Keynes, England
Lukman Goal 70' Report Valdez Goal 22'
2010-06-06
Nigeria 3–1 Korea DPR Makhulong Stadium, Tembisa, South Africa
Yakubu Goal 17'
Nsofor Goal 60'
Martins Goal 89' Report
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
The abortive Third Republic
Main article: Nigerian Third Republic
Head of State, Babangida, promised to return the country to civilian rule by 1990 which was later extended until January 1993. In early 1989 a constituent assembly completed a constitution and in the spring of 1989 political activity was again permitted. In October 1989 the government established two parties, the National Republican Convention (NRC) and the Social Democratic party (SDP) - other parties were not allowed to register.
In April 1990 mid-level officers attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret trials before military tribunals. In December 1990 the first stage of partisan elections was held at the local government level. Despite low turnout there was no violence and both parties demonstrated strength in all regions of the country, with the SDP winning control of a majority of local government councils.
In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. These were canceled due to fraud and subsequent primaries scheduled for September also were canceled. All announced candidates were disqualified from standing for president once a new election format was selected. The presidential election was finally held on June 12, 1993 with the inauguration of the new president scheduled to take place August 27, 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babangida's coming to power.
In the historic June 12, 1993 presidential elections, which most observers deemed to be Nigeria's fairest, early returns indicated that wealthy Yoruba businessman M.K.O. Abiola won a decisive victory. However, on June 23, Babangida, using several pending lawsuits as a pretense, annulled the election, throwing Nigeria into turmoil. More than 100 were killed in riots before Babangida agreed to hand power to an interim government on August 27, 1993. He later attempted to renege this decision, but without popular and military support, he was forced to hand over to Ernest Shonekan, a prominent nonpartisan businessman. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. Although he had led Babangida's Transitional Council since 1993, Shonekan was unable to reverse Nigeria's economic problems or to defuse lingering political tension.
Monday, August 30, 2010
Nigeria
Nigeria
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | 2008 | The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press. (Hide copyright information) Copyright
Nigeria , officially Federal Republic of Nigeria, republic (2006 provisional pop. 140,003,542), 356,667 sq mi (923,768 sq km), W Africa. It borders on the Gulf of Guinea (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean) in the south, on Benin in the west, on Niger in the northwest and north, on Chad in the northeast, and on Cameroon in the east. Abuja is the capital and Lagos is the largest city.
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Land and People
The Niger River and its tributaries (including the Benue, Kaduna, and Kebbi rivers) drain most of the country. Nigeria has a 500-mile (800-km) coastline, for the most part made up of sandy beaches, behind which lies a belt of mangrove swamps and lagoons that averages 10 mi (16 km) in width but increases to c.60 mi (100 km) wide in the great Niger delta in the east. North of the coastal lowlands is a broad hilly region, with rain forest in the south and savanna in the north. Behind the hills is the great plateau of Nigeria (average elevation 2,000 ft/610 m), a region of plains covered largely with savanna but merging into scrubland in the north. Greater altitudes are attained on the Bauchi and Jos plateaus in the center and in the Adamawa Massif (which continues into Cameroon) in the east, where Nigeria's highest point (c.6,700 ft/2,040 m) is located.
In addition to Abuja and Lagos, other major cities include Aba , Abeokuta , Ado , Benin , Enugu , Ibadan , Ife , Ilesha , Ilorin , Iwo , Kaduna , Kano , Maiduguri , Mushin , Ogbomosho , Onitsha , Oshogbo , Port Harcourt , and Zaria .
Nigeria is easily the most populous nation in Africa and one of the fastest growing on earth. The inhabitants are divided into about 250 ethnic groups. The largest of these groups are the Hausa and Fulani in the north, the Yoruba in the southwest, and the Igbo in the southeast. Other peoples include the Kanuri, Nupe, and Tiv of the north, the Edo of the south, and the Ibibio-Efik and Ijaw of the southeast. English is the official language, and each ethnic group speaks its own language. About half of the population, living mostly in the north, are Muslim; another 40%, living almost exclusively in the south, are Christian; the rest follow traditional beliefs.
Economy
The economy of Nigeria historically was based on agriculture, and about 70% of the workforce is still engaged in farming (largely of a subsistence type). The chief crops are cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, soybeans, cassava, yams, and rubber. In addition, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are raised.
Petroleum is the leading mineral produced in Nigeria and provides about 95% of foreign exchange earnings and the majority of government revenues. It is found in the Niger delta and in the bights of Benin and Biafra. Petroleum production on an appreciable scale began in the late 1950s, and by the early 1970s it was by far the leading earner of foreign exchange. The growing oil industry attracted many to urban centers, to the detriment of the agricultural sector. In the 1980s a decline in world oil prices prompted the government to bolster the agricultural sector. Nonetheless, both refinery capacity and agriculture have not kept pace with population growth, forcing the nation to import refined petroleum products and food. Other minerals extracted include tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, columbite, lead, zinc, and gold.
Industry in Nigeria includes the processing of agricultural products and minerals, and the manufacture of textiles, construction materials, footware, chemicals, fertilizer, and steel. Fishing and forestry are also important to the economy, and there is small commercial shipbuilding and repair sector. In addition, traditional woven goods, pottery, metal objects, and carved wood and ivory are produced. Nigeria's road and rail systems are constructed basically along north-south lines; the country's chief seaports are Lagos, Warri , Port Harcourt, and Calabar .
Except when oil prices are low, Nigeria generally earns more from exports than it spends on imports. Other important exports include cocoa, rubber, and palm products. The main imports are machinery, chemicals, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, and live animals. The United States is by far the largest trading partner, followed by China, Brazil, Spain, and Great Britain.
Government
Nigeria is governed under the constitution of 1999. The president, who is both head of state and head of government, is popularly elected for a four-year term and is eligible for a second term. The bicameral legislature, the National Assembly, consists of the 109-seat Senate and a 360-seat House of Representatives; all legislators are elected by popular vote for four-year terms. Administratively, the country is divided into 36 states and the federal capital territory.
History
Early History
Little is known of the earliest history of Nigeria. By c.2000 BC most of the country was sparsely inhabited by persons who had a rudimentary knowledge of raising domesticated food plants and of herding animals. From c.800 BC to c.AD 200 the neolithic Nok culture (named for the town where archaeological findings first were made) flourished on the Jos Plateau; the Nok people made fine terra-cotta sculptures and probably knew how to work tin and iron. The first important centralized state to influence Nigeria was Kanem-Bornu, which probably was founded in the 8th cent. AD, to the north of Lake Chad (outside modern Nigeria). In the 11th cent., by which time its rulers had been converted to Islam, Kanem-Bornu expanded south of Lake Chad into present-day Nigeria, and in the late 15th cent. its capital was moved there.
Beginning in the 11th cent. seven independent Hausa city-states were founded in N Nigeria—Biram, Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina , Rano, and Zaria. Kano and Katsina competed for the lucrative trans-Saharan trade with Kanem-Bornu, and for a time had to pay tribute to it. In the early 16th cent. all of Hausaland was briefly held by the Songhai Empire. However, in the late 16th cent., Kanem-Bornu replaced Songhai as the leading power in N Nigeria, and the Hausa states regained their autonomy. In southwest Nigeria two states—Oyo and Benin—had developed by the 14th cent.; the rulers of both states traced their origins to Ife, renowned for its naturalistic terra-cotta and brass sculpture. Benin was the leading state in the 15th cent. but began to decline in the 17th cent., and by the 18th cent. Oyo controlled Yorubaland and also Dahomey. The Igbo people in the southeast lived in small village communities.
In the late 15th cent. Portuguese navigators became the first Europeans to visit Nigeria. They soon began to purchase slaves and agricultural produce from coastal middlemen; the slaves had been captured further inland by the middlemen. The Portuguese were followed by British, French, and Dutch traders. Among the Igbo and Ibibio a number of city-states were established by individuals who had become wealthy by engaging in the slave trade; these included Bonny , Owome, and Okrika.
The Nineteenth Century
There were major internal changes in Nigeria in the 19th cent. In 1804, Usuman dan Fodio (1754-1817), a Fulani and a pious Muslim, began a holy war to reform the practice of Islam in the north. He soon conquered the Hausa city-states, but Bornu, led by Muhammad al-Kanemi (also a Muslim reformer) until 1835, maintained its independence. In 1817, Usuman dan Fodio's son, Muhammad Bello (d.1837) established a state centered at Sokoto , which controlled most of N Nigeria until the coming of the British (1900-1906). Under both Usuman dan Fodio and Muhammad Bello, Muslim culture, and also trade, flourished in the Fulani empire. In Bornu, Muhammad al-Kanemi was succeeded by Umar (reigned 1835-80), under whom the empire disintegrated.
In 1807, Great Britain abandoned the slave trade; however, other countries continued it until about 1875. Meanwhile, many African middlemen turned to selling palm products, which were Nigeria's chief export by the middle of the century. In 1817 a long series of civil wars began in the Oyo Empire; they lasted until 1893 (when Britain intervened), by which time the empire had disintegrated completely.
In order to stop the slave trade there, Britain annexed Lagos in 1861. In 1879, Sir George Goldie gained control of all the British firms trading on the Niger, and in the 1880s he took over two French companies active there and signed treaties with numerous African leaders. Largely because of Goldie's efforts, Great Britain was able to claim S Nigeria at the Conference of Berlin (see Berlin, Conference of ) held in 1884-85.
In the following years, the British established their rule in SW Nigeria, partly by signing treaties (as in the Lagos hinterland) and partly by using force (as at Benin in 1897). Jaja , a leading African trader based at Opobo in the Niger delta and strongly opposed to European competition, was captured in 1887 and deported. Goldie's firm, given (1886) a British royal charter, as the Royal Niger Company, to administer the Niger River and N Nigeria, antagonized Europeans and Africans alike by its monopoly of trade on the Niger; in addition, it was not sufficiently powerful to gain effective control over N Nigeria, which was also sought by the French.
Colonialism
In 1900 the Royal Niger Company's charter was revoked and British forces under Frederick Lugard began to conquer the north, taking Sokoto in 1903. By 1906, Britain controlled Nigeria, which was divided into the Colony (i.e., Lagos) and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria. In 1914 the two regions were amalgamated and the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was established.
The administration of Nigeria was based on a system devised by Lugard and called "indirect rule" ; under this system, Britain ruled through existing political institutions rather than establishing a wholly new administrative network. In some areas (especially the southeast) new African officials (resembling the traditional rulers in other parts of the country) were set up; in most cases they were not accepted by the mass of the people and were able to rule only because British power stood behind them. All important decisions were made by the British governor, and the African rulers, partly by being associated with the colonialists, soon lost most of their traditional authority. Occasionally (as in Aba in 1929) discontent with colonial rule flared into open protest.
Under the British, railroads and roads were built and the production of cash crops, such as palm nuts and kernels, cocoa, cotton, and peanuts, was encouraged. The country became more urbanized as Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Onitsha, and other cities grew in size and importance. From 1922, African representatives from Lagos and Calabar were elected to the legislative council of Southern Nigeria; they constituted only a small minority, and Africans otherwise continued to have no role in the higher levels of government. Self-help groups organized on ethnic lines were established in the cities. A small Western-educated elite developed in Lagos and a few other southern cities.
In 1947, Great Britain promulgated a constitution that gave the traditional authorities a greater voice in national affairs. The Western-educated elite was excluded, and, led by Herbert Macaulay and Nnamdi Azikiwe , its members vigorously denounced the constitution. As a result, a new constitution, providing for elected representation on a regional basis, was instituted in 1951.
Three major political parties emerged—the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC; from 1960 known as the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens), led by Azikiwe and largely based among the Igbo; the Action Group, led by Obafemi Awolowo and with a mostly Yoruba membership; and the Northern People's Congress (NPC), led by Ahmadu Bello and based in the north. The constitution proved unworkable by 1952, and a new one, solidifying the division of Nigeria into three regions (Eastern, Western, and Northern) plus the Federal Territory of Lagos, came into force in 1954. In 1956 the Eastern and Western regions became internally self-governing, and the Northern region achieved this status in 1959.
Independence and Internal Conflict
With Nigerian independence scheduled for 1960, elections were held in 1959. No party won a majority, and the NPC combined with the NCNC to form a government. Nigeria attained independence on Oct. 1, 1960, with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa of the NPC as prime minister and Azikiwe of the NCNC as governor-general; when Nigeria became a republic in 1963, Azikiwe was made president.
The first years of independence were characterized by severe conflicts within and between regions. In the Western region, a bloc of the Action Group split off (1962) under S. I. Akintola to form the Nigerian National Democratic party (NNDP); in 1963 the Mid-Western region (whose population was mostly Edo) was formed from a part of the Western region. National elections late in 1964 were hotly contested, with an NPC-NNDP coalition (called the National Alliance) emerging victorious.
In Jan., 1966, Igbo army officers staged a successful coup, which resulted in the deaths of Federal Prime Minister Balewa, Northern Prime Minister Ahmadu Bello, and Western Prime Minister S. I. Akintola. Maj. Gen. Johnson T. U. Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Igbo, became head of a military government and suspended the national and regional constitutions; this met with a violent reaction in the north. In July, 1966, a coup led by Hausa army officers ousted Ironsi (who was killed) and placed Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon at the head of a new military regime. In Sept., 1966, many Igbo living in the north were massacred.
Gowon attempted to start Nigeria along the road to civilian government but met determined resistance from the Igbo, who were becoming increasingly fearful of their position within Nigeria. In May, 1967, the Eastern parliament gave Lt. Col. Chukwuemeka O. Ojukwu , the region's leader, authority to declare the region an independent republic. Gowon proclaimed a state of emergency, and, as a gesture to the Igbos, redivided Nigeria into 12 states (including one, the East-Central state, that comprised most of the Igbo people). However, on May 30, Ojukwu proclaimed the independent Republic of Biafra , and in July fighting broke out between Biafra and Nigeria.
Biafra made some advances early in the war, but soon federal forces gained the initiative. After much suffering, Biafra capitulated on Jan. 15, 1970, and the secession ended. The early 1970s were marked by reconstruction in areas that were formerly part of Biafra, by the gradual reintegration of the Igbo into national life, and by a slow return to civilian rule.
Modern Nigeria
Spurred by the booming petroleum industry, the Nigerian economy quickly recovered from the effects of civil war and made impressive advances. Nonetheless, inflation and high unemployment remained, and the oil boom led to government corruption and uneven distribution of wealth. Nigeria joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1971. The prolonged drought that desiccated the Sahel region of Africa in the early 1970s had a profound effect on N Nigeria, resulting in a migration of peoples into the less arid areas and into the cities of the south.
Gowon's regime was overthrown in 1975 by Gen. Murtala Muhammad and a group of officers who pledged a return to civilian rule. In the mid-1970s plans were approved for a new capital to be built at Abuja, a move that drained the national economy. Muhammad was assassinated in an attempted coup one year after taking office and succeeded by Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo . In a crisis brought on by rapidly falling oil revenues, the government restricted public opposition to the regime, controlled union activity and student movements, nationalized land, and increased oil industry regulation. Nigeria sought Western support under Obasanjo while supporting African nationalist movements.
In 1979 elections were held under a new constitution, bringing Alhaji Shehu Shagari to the presidency. Relations with the United States reached a new high in 1979 with a visit by President Jimmy Carter . The government expelled thousands of foreign laborers in 1983, citing social disturbances as the reason. The same year, Shagari was reelected president but overthrown after only a few months in office.
In 1985 a coup led by Maj. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida brought a new regime to power, along with the promise of a return to civilian rule. A new constitution was promulgated in 1990, which set national elections for 1992. Babangida annulled the results of that presidential election, claiming fraud. A new election in 1993 ended in the apparent presidential victory of Moshood Abiola, but Babangida again alleged fraud. Soon unrest led to Babangida's resignation. Ernest Shonekan, a civilian appointed as interim leader, was forced out after three months by Gen. Sani Abacha, a long-time ally of Babangida, who became president and banned all political institutions and labor unions. In 1994, Abiola was arrested and charged with treason.
In 1995, Abacha extended military rule for three more years, while proposing a program for a return to civilian rule after that period; his proposal was rejected by opposition leaders, but five political parties were established in 1996. The Abacha regime drew international condemnation in late 1995 when Ken Saro-Wiwa, a prominent writer, and eight other human-rights activists were executed; the trial was condemned by human-rights groups and led to Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations. Also in 1995, a number of army officers, including former head of state General Obasanjo, were arrested in connection with an alleged coup attempt. In 1996, Kudirat Abiola, an activist on behalf of her imprisoned husband, was murdered.
Abacha died suddenly in June, 1998, and was succeeded by Gen. Abdulsalam Abubakar, who immediately freed Obasanjo and other political prisoners. Riots followed the announcement that Abiola had also died unexpectedly in July, 1998, while in detention. Abubakar then announced an election timetable leading to a return to civilian rule within a year. All former political parties were disbanded and new ones formed. A series of local, state, and federal elections were held between Dec., 1998, and Feb., 1999, culminating in the presidential contest, won by General Obasanjo. The elections were generally deemed fair by international monitors. The People's Democratic party (PDP; the centrist party of General Obasanjo) dominated the elections; the other two leading parties were the Alliance for Democracy (a Yoruba party of the southwest, considered to be progressive), and the All People's party (a conservative party based in the north).
Following Obasanjo's inauguration on May 29, 1999, Nigeria was readmitted to the Commonwealth. The new president said he would combat past and present corruption in the Nigerian government and army and develop the impoverished Niger Delta area. Although there was some progress economically, government and political corruption remained a problem and the country was confronted with renewed ethnic and religious tension. The latter was in part a result of the institution of Islamic law in Nigeria's northern states, and led to violence (continuing into 2004) in which an estimated 10,000 people have died since the end of military rule. Army lawlessness has also been a problem in some areas. A small success was achieved in Apr., 2002, when Abacha's family agreed to return $1 billion to the government; the government had sought an estimated $4 billion in looted Nigerian assets.
In Mar., 2003, the Ijaw, accusing the Itsekiri, government, and oil companies of economic and political collusion against them, began militia attacks against Itsekiri villages and oil facilities in the Niger delta, leading to a halt in the delta's oil production for several weeks and military intervention by the government. The presidential and earlier legislative elections in Apr., 2003, were won by President Obasanjo and his party, but the results were marred by vote rigging and some violence. The opposition protested the results, and unsuccessfully challenged the presidential election in court. The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict continued into 2004, but a peace deal was reached in mid-June. The Ijaw backed out of the agreement, however, three weeks later. Christian-Muslim tensions also continued to be a problem in 2004, with violent attacks occurring in Kebbi, Kano, and Plateau states.
Obasanjo's government appeared to move more forcefully against government corruption in early 2005. Several government ministers were fired on corruption charges, and the senate speaker resigned after he was accused of taking bribes. A U.S. investigation targeted Nigeria's vice president the same year, and Obasanjo himself agreed to be investigated by the Nigerian financial crimes commission when he was accused of corruption by Orji Uzor Kalu, the governor of Abia and a target of a corruption investigation. Ijaw militants again threatened Niger delta oil operations in Sept., 2005, and several times in subsequent years, resulting in cuts in Nigeria's oil production as large as 25% at times. Since early 2006 the Niger Delta area has seen an increase in kidnappings of foreign oil workers and attacks on oil operations. In Oct., 2005, the government reached an agreement to pay off much of its foreign debt at a discount, a process that was completed in Apr., 2006.
The end of 2005 and early 2006 saw increased contention over whether to amend the constitution to permit the president and state governors to run for more than two terms. The idea had been rejected in July, 2005, by a national political reform conference, but senators reviewing the conference's proposals indicated they supported an end to term limits. The change was opposed by Vice President Atiku Abubakar, but other PDP leaders who objected were removed from their party posts. A census—a contentious event because of ethnic and religious divisions in Nigeria—was taken in Mar., 2006, but the head count was marred by a lack of resources and a number of violent clashes, and many Nigerians were believed to have been left uncounted. In May the Nigerian legislature ended consideration of a third presidential term when it became clear that there was insufficient support for amending the constitution. Nigeria agreed in June, 2006, to turn over the Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon after a two-year transition period; the region was finally ceded in Aug., 2008.
In July the vice president denied taking bribes from a U.S. congressman, but in September the president called for the Nigerian senate to remove the vice president from office for fraud, based on an investigation by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). The senate agreed to investigate the charges, and the PDP suspended the vice president, blocking him from seeking the party's presidential nomination. Abubakar counteraccused Obasanjo of corruption. The EFCC was also investigating most of Nigeria's state governors, but the commission itself was tainted by charges that it was used for political retaliation by Obasanjo and his allies. Several state governors were impeached by legally unsound proceedings, moves that were seen as an attempt by Obasanjo to tighten his control prior to the 2007 presidential election.
When the vice president accepted (Dec., 2006) the presidential nomination of a group of opposition parties, the president accused him of technically resigning and sought to have him removed, an action Abubakar challenged in court; the government backed down the following month, and the courts later sided with Abubakar. In Jan., 2007, the results of the 2006 census were released, and they proved as divisive as previous Nigerian censuses. The census showed that the largely Muslim north had more inhabitants that the south, and many southern political leaders vehemently rejected the results.
In February, the EFCC declared Abubakar and more than 130 other candidates for the April elections unfit due to corruption, and the election commission barred those candidates from running. Abubakar fought the move in court, but the ruling was not overturned until days before the presidential election. The state elections were marred by widespread and blatant vote fraud and intimidation, but the election commission certified nearly all the results, handing gubernatorial victories to the PDP in 27 states. In the presidential election, Umaru Yar'Adua , the relatively unknown governor of Katsina state who was hand-picked by Obasanjo to be the PDP candidate, was declared the winner with 70% of the vote, but fraud and intimidation were so blatant that EU observers called the election a "charade" and the president was forced to admit it was "flawed." Nonetheless, Yar'Adua's inauguration (May) marked the first transition of power between two elected civilian presidents in Nigeria's post-colonial history. Yar'Adua subsequently moved to reorganize and reform the national petroleum company, and the federal government has not interfered with challenges in the courts to state elections. Also in April there was battling between the army and Islamic militants in Kano state after the militants attacked the police there.
Bibliography
See S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria (1966); R. K. Udo, Geographical Regions of Nigeria (1970); C. K. Eicher and C. Liedholm, ed., Growth and Development of the Nigerian Economy (1970); S. K. Painter-Brick, Nigerian Politics and Military Rule: Prelude to Civil War (1970); T. Hodgkin, ed., Nigerian Perspectives (2d ed. 1975); M. Crowder, The Story of Nigeria (4th ed. 1978); A. H. M. Kirk-Greene and D. Rimmer, Nigeria Since 1970 (1981); J. O. Irukwu, Nigeria at the Crossroads (1983); R. Olaniyan, Nigerian History and Culture (1984); T. Falola, The Rise and Fall of Nigeria's Second Republic, 1979-1984 (1985).
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Nigeria , officially Federal Republic of Nigeria, republic (2006 provisional pop. 140,003,542), 356,667 sq mi (923,768 sq km), W Africa. It borders on the Gulf of Guinea (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean) in the south, on Benin in the west, on Niger in the northwest and north, on Chad in the northeast, and on Cameroon in the east. Abuja is the capital and Lagos is the largest city.
Land and People
The Niger River and its tributaries (including the Benue, Kaduna, and Kebbi rivers) drain most of the country. Nigeria has a 500-mile (800-km) coastline, for the most part made up of sandy beaches, behind which lies a belt of mangrove swamps and lagoons that averages 10 mi (16 km) in width but increases to c.60 mi (100 km) wide in the great Niger delta in the east. North of the coastal lowlands is a broad hilly region, with rain forest in the south and savanna in the north. Behind the
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | 2008 | The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press. (Hide copyright information) Copyright
Nigeria , officially Federal Republic of Nigeria, republic (2006 provisional pop. 140,003,542), 356,667 sq mi (923,768 sq km), W Africa. It borders on the Gulf of Guinea (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean) in the south, on Benin in the west, on Niger in the northwest and north, on Chad in the northeast, and on Cameroon in the east. Abuja is the capital and Lagos is the largest city.
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Land and People
The Niger River and its tributaries (including the Benue, Kaduna, and Kebbi rivers) drain most of the country. Nigeria has a 500-mile (800-km) coastline, for the most part made up of sandy beaches, behind which lies a belt of mangrove swamps and lagoons that averages 10 mi (16 km) in width but increases to c.60 mi (100 km) wide in the great Niger delta in the east. North of the coastal lowlands is a broad hilly region, with rain forest in the south and savanna in the north. Behind the hills is the great plateau of Nigeria (average elevation 2,000 ft/610 m), a region of plains covered largely with savanna but merging into scrubland in the north. Greater altitudes are attained on the Bauchi and Jos plateaus in the center and in the Adamawa Massif (which continues into Cameroon) in the east, where Nigeria's highest point (c.6,700 ft/2,040 m) is located.
In addition to Abuja and Lagos, other major cities include Aba , Abeokuta , Ado , Benin , Enugu , Ibadan , Ife , Ilesha , Ilorin , Iwo , Kaduna , Kano , Maiduguri , Mushin , Ogbomosho , Onitsha , Oshogbo , Port Harcourt , and Zaria .
Nigeria is easily the most populous nation in Africa and one of the fastest growing on earth. The inhabitants are divided into about 250 ethnic groups. The largest of these groups are the Hausa and Fulani in the north, the Yoruba in the southwest, and the Igbo in the southeast. Other peoples include the Kanuri, Nupe, and Tiv of the north, the Edo of the south, and the Ibibio-Efik and Ijaw of the southeast. English is the official language, and each ethnic group speaks its own language. About half of the population, living mostly in the north, are Muslim; another 40%, living almost exclusively in the south, are Christian; the rest follow traditional beliefs.
Economy
The economy of Nigeria historically was based on agriculture, and about 70% of the workforce is still engaged in farming (largely of a subsistence type). The chief crops are cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, soybeans, cassava, yams, and rubber. In addition, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are raised.
Petroleum is the leading mineral produced in Nigeria and provides about 95% of foreign exchange earnings and the majority of government revenues. It is found in the Niger delta and in the bights of Benin and Biafra. Petroleum production on an appreciable scale began in the late 1950s, and by the early 1970s it was by far the leading earner of foreign exchange. The growing oil industry attracted many to urban centers, to the detriment of the agricultural sector. In the 1980s a decline in world oil prices prompted the government to bolster the agricultural sector. Nonetheless, both refinery capacity and agriculture have not kept pace with population growth, forcing the nation to import refined petroleum products and food. Other minerals extracted include tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, columbite, lead, zinc, and gold.
Industry in Nigeria includes the processing of agricultural products and minerals, and the manufacture of textiles, construction materials, footware, chemicals, fertilizer, and steel. Fishing and forestry are also important to the economy, and there is small commercial shipbuilding and repair sector. In addition, traditional woven goods, pottery, metal objects, and carved wood and ivory are produced. Nigeria's road and rail systems are constructed basically along north-south lines; the country's chief seaports are Lagos, Warri , Port Harcourt, and Calabar .
Except when oil prices are low, Nigeria generally earns more from exports than it spends on imports. Other important exports include cocoa, rubber, and palm products. The main imports are machinery, chemicals, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, and live animals. The United States is by far the largest trading partner, followed by China, Brazil, Spain, and Great Britain.
Government
Nigeria is governed under the constitution of 1999. The president, who is both head of state and head of government, is popularly elected for a four-year term and is eligible for a second term. The bicameral legislature, the National Assembly, consists of the 109-seat Senate and a 360-seat House of Representatives; all legislators are elected by popular vote for four-year terms. Administratively, the country is divided into 36 states and the federal capital territory.
History
Early History
Little is known of the earliest history of Nigeria. By c.2000 BC most of the country was sparsely inhabited by persons who had a rudimentary knowledge of raising domesticated food plants and of herding animals. From c.800 BC to c.AD 200 the neolithic Nok culture (named for the town where archaeological findings first were made) flourished on the Jos Plateau; the Nok people made fine terra-cotta sculptures and probably knew how to work tin and iron. The first important centralized state to influence Nigeria was Kanem-Bornu, which probably was founded in the 8th cent. AD, to the north of Lake Chad (outside modern Nigeria). In the 11th cent., by which time its rulers had been converted to Islam, Kanem-Bornu expanded south of Lake Chad into present-day Nigeria, and in the late 15th cent. its capital was moved there.
Beginning in the 11th cent. seven independent Hausa city-states were founded in N Nigeria—Biram, Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina , Rano, and Zaria. Kano and Katsina competed for the lucrative trans-Saharan trade with Kanem-Bornu, and for a time had to pay tribute to it. In the early 16th cent. all of Hausaland was briefly held by the Songhai Empire. However, in the late 16th cent., Kanem-Bornu replaced Songhai as the leading power in N Nigeria, and the Hausa states regained their autonomy. In southwest Nigeria two states—Oyo and Benin—had developed by the 14th cent.; the rulers of both states traced their origins to Ife, renowned for its naturalistic terra-cotta and brass sculpture. Benin was the leading state in the 15th cent. but began to decline in the 17th cent., and by the 18th cent. Oyo controlled Yorubaland and also Dahomey. The Igbo people in the southeast lived in small village communities.
In the late 15th cent. Portuguese navigators became the first Europeans to visit Nigeria. They soon began to purchase slaves and agricultural produce from coastal middlemen; the slaves had been captured further inland by the middlemen. The Portuguese were followed by British, French, and Dutch traders. Among the Igbo and Ibibio a number of city-states were established by individuals who had become wealthy by engaging in the slave trade; these included Bonny , Owome, and Okrika.
The Nineteenth Century
There were major internal changes in Nigeria in the 19th cent. In 1804, Usuman dan Fodio (1754-1817), a Fulani and a pious Muslim, began a holy war to reform the practice of Islam in the north. He soon conquered the Hausa city-states, but Bornu, led by Muhammad al-Kanemi (also a Muslim reformer) until 1835, maintained its independence. In 1817, Usuman dan Fodio's son, Muhammad Bello (d.1837) established a state centered at Sokoto , which controlled most of N Nigeria until the coming of the British (1900-1906). Under both Usuman dan Fodio and Muhammad Bello, Muslim culture, and also trade, flourished in the Fulani empire. In Bornu, Muhammad al-Kanemi was succeeded by Umar (reigned 1835-80), under whom the empire disintegrated.
In 1807, Great Britain abandoned the slave trade; however, other countries continued it until about 1875. Meanwhile, many African middlemen turned to selling palm products, which were Nigeria's chief export by the middle of the century. In 1817 a long series of civil wars began in the Oyo Empire; they lasted until 1893 (when Britain intervened), by which time the empire had disintegrated completely.
In order to stop the slave trade there, Britain annexed Lagos in 1861. In 1879, Sir George Goldie gained control of all the British firms trading on the Niger, and in the 1880s he took over two French companies active there and signed treaties with numerous African leaders. Largely because of Goldie's efforts, Great Britain was able to claim S Nigeria at the Conference of Berlin (see Berlin, Conference of ) held in 1884-85.
In the following years, the British established their rule in SW Nigeria, partly by signing treaties (as in the Lagos hinterland) and partly by using force (as at Benin in 1897). Jaja , a leading African trader based at Opobo in the Niger delta and strongly opposed to European competition, was captured in 1887 and deported. Goldie's firm, given (1886) a British royal charter, as the Royal Niger Company, to administer the Niger River and N Nigeria, antagonized Europeans and Africans alike by its monopoly of trade on the Niger; in addition, it was not sufficiently powerful to gain effective control over N Nigeria, which was also sought by the French.
Colonialism
In 1900 the Royal Niger Company's charter was revoked and British forces under Frederick Lugard began to conquer the north, taking Sokoto in 1903. By 1906, Britain controlled Nigeria, which was divided into the Colony (i.e., Lagos) and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria. In 1914 the two regions were amalgamated and the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was established.
The administration of Nigeria was based on a system devised by Lugard and called "indirect rule" ; under this system, Britain ruled through existing political institutions rather than establishing a wholly new administrative network. In some areas (especially the southeast) new African officials (resembling the traditional rulers in other parts of the country) were set up; in most cases they were not accepted by the mass of the people and were able to rule only because British power stood behind them. All important decisions were made by the British governor, and the African rulers, partly by being associated with the colonialists, soon lost most of their traditional authority. Occasionally (as in Aba in 1929) discontent with colonial rule flared into open protest.
Under the British, railroads and roads were built and the production of cash crops, such as palm nuts and kernels, cocoa, cotton, and peanuts, was encouraged. The country became more urbanized as Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Onitsha, and other cities grew in size and importance. From 1922, African representatives from Lagos and Calabar were elected to the legislative council of Southern Nigeria; they constituted only a small minority, and Africans otherwise continued to have no role in the higher levels of government. Self-help groups organized on ethnic lines were established in the cities. A small Western-educated elite developed in Lagos and a few other southern cities.
In 1947, Great Britain promulgated a constitution that gave the traditional authorities a greater voice in national affairs. The Western-educated elite was excluded, and, led by Herbert Macaulay and Nnamdi Azikiwe , its members vigorously denounced the constitution. As a result, a new constitution, providing for elected representation on a regional basis, was instituted in 1951.
Three major political parties emerged—the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC; from 1960 known as the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens), led by Azikiwe and largely based among the Igbo; the Action Group, led by Obafemi Awolowo and with a mostly Yoruba membership; and the Northern People's Congress (NPC), led by Ahmadu Bello and based in the north. The constitution proved unworkable by 1952, and a new one, solidifying the division of Nigeria into three regions (Eastern, Western, and Northern) plus the Federal Territory of Lagos, came into force in 1954. In 1956 the Eastern and Western regions became internally self-governing, and the Northern region achieved this status in 1959.
Independence and Internal Conflict
With Nigerian independence scheduled for 1960, elections were held in 1959. No party won a majority, and the NPC combined with the NCNC to form a government. Nigeria attained independence on Oct. 1, 1960, with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa of the NPC as prime minister and Azikiwe of the NCNC as governor-general; when Nigeria became a republic in 1963, Azikiwe was made president.
The first years of independence were characterized by severe conflicts within and between regions. In the Western region, a bloc of the Action Group split off (1962) under S. I. Akintola to form the Nigerian National Democratic party (NNDP); in 1963 the Mid-Western region (whose population was mostly Edo) was formed from a part of the Western region. National elections late in 1964 were hotly contested, with an NPC-NNDP coalition (called the National Alliance) emerging victorious.
In Jan., 1966, Igbo army officers staged a successful coup, which resulted in the deaths of Federal Prime Minister Balewa, Northern Prime Minister Ahmadu Bello, and Western Prime Minister S. I. Akintola. Maj. Gen. Johnson T. U. Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Igbo, became head of a military government and suspended the national and regional constitutions; this met with a violent reaction in the north. In July, 1966, a coup led by Hausa army officers ousted Ironsi (who was killed) and placed Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon at the head of a new military regime. In Sept., 1966, many Igbo living in the north were massacred.
Gowon attempted to start Nigeria along the road to civilian government but met determined resistance from the Igbo, who were becoming increasingly fearful of their position within Nigeria. In May, 1967, the Eastern parliament gave Lt. Col. Chukwuemeka O. Ojukwu , the region's leader, authority to declare the region an independent republic. Gowon proclaimed a state of emergency, and, as a gesture to the Igbos, redivided Nigeria into 12 states (including one, the East-Central state, that comprised most of the Igbo people). However, on May 30, Ojukwu proclaimed the independent Republic of Biafra , and in July fighting broke out between Biafra and Nigeria.
Biafra made some advances early in the war, but soon federal forces gained the initiative. After much suffering, Biafra capitulated on Jan. 15, 1970, and the secession ended. The early 1970s were marked by reconstruction in areas that were formerly part of Biafra, by the gradual reintegration of the Igbo into national life, and by a slow return to civilian rule.
Modern Nigeria
Spurred by the booming petroleum industry, the Nigerian economy quickly recovered from the effects of civil war and made impressive advances. Nonetheless, inflation and high unemployment remained, and the oil boom led to government corruption and uneven distribution of wealth. Nigeria joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1971. The prolonged drought that desiccated the Sahel region of Africa in the early 1970s had a profound effect on N Nigeria, resulting in a migration of peoples into the less arid areas and into the cities of the south.
Gowon's regime was overthrown in 1975 by Gen. Murtala Muhammad and a group of officers who pledged a return to civilian rule. In the mid-1970s plans were approved for a new capital to be built at Abuja, a move that drained the national economy. Muhammad was assassinated in an attempted coup one year after taking office and succeeded by Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo . In a crisis brought on by rapidly falling oil revenues, the government restricted public opposition to the regime, controlled union activity and student movements, nationalized land, and increased oil industry regulation. Nigeria sought Western support under Obasanjo while supporting African nationalist movements.
In 1979 elections were held under a new constitution, bringing Alhaji Shehu Shagari to the presidency. Relations with the United States reached a new high in 1979 with a visit by President Jimmy Carter . The government expelled thousands of foreign laborers in 1983, citing social disturbances as the reason. The same year, Shagari was reelected president but overthrown after only a few months in office.
In 1985 a coup led by Maj. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida brought a new regime to power, along with the promise of a return to civilian rule. A new constitution was promulgated in 1990, which set national elections for 1992. Babangida annulled the results of that presidential election, claiming fraud. A new election in 1993 ended in the apparent presidential victory of Moshood Abiola, but Babangida again alleged fraud. Soon unrest led to Babangida's resignation. Ernest Shonekan, a civilian appointed as interim leader, was forced out after three months by Gen. Sani Abacha, a long-time ally of Babangida, who became president and banned all political institutions and labor unions. In 1994, Abiola was arrested and charged with treason.
In 1995, Abacha extended military rule for three more years, while proposing a program for a return to civilian rule after that period; his proposal was rejected by opposition leaders, but five political parties were established in 1996. The Abacha regime drew international condemnation in late 1995 when Ken Saro-Wiwa, a prominent writer, and eight other human-rights activists were executed; the trial was condemned by human-rights groups and led to Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations. Also in 1995, a number of army officers, including former head of state General Obasanjo, were arrested in connection with an alleged coup attempt. In 1996, Kudirat Abiola, an activist on behalf of her imprisoned husband, was murdered.
Abacha died suddenly in June, 1998, and was succeeded by Gen. Abdulsalam Abubakar, who immediately freed Obasanjo and other political prisoners. Riots followed the announcement that Abiola had also died unexpectedly in July, 1998, while in detention. Abubakar then announced an election timetable leading to a return to civilian rule within a year. All former political parties were disbanded and new ones formed. A series of local, state, and federal elections were held between Dec., 1998, and Feb., 1999, culminating in the presidential contest, won by General Obasanjo. The elections were generally deemed fair by international monitors. The People's Democratic party (PDP; the centrist party of General Obasanjo) dominated the elections; the other two leading parties were the Alliance for Democracy (a Yoruba party of the southwest, considered to be progressive), and the All People's party (a conservative party based in the north).
Following Obasanjo's inauguration on May 29, 1999, Nigeria was readmitted to the Commonwealth. The new president said he would combat past and present corruption in the Nigerian government and army and develop the impoverished Niger Delta area. Although there was some progress economically, government and political corruption remained a problem and the country was confronted with renewed ethnic and religious tension. The latter was in part a result of the institution of Islamic law in Nigeria's northern states, and led to violence (continuing into 2004) in which an estimated 10,000 people have died since the end of military rule. Army lawlessness has also been a problem in some areas. A small success was achieved in Apr., 2002, when Abacha's family agreed to return $1 billion to the government; the government had sought an estimated $4 billion in looted Nigerian assets.
In Mar., 2003, the Ijaw, accusing the Itsekiri, government, and oil companies of economic and political collusion against them, began militia attacks against Itsekiri villages and oil facilities in the Niger delta, leading to a halt in the delta's oil production for several weeks and military intervention by the government. The presidential and earlier legislative elections in Apr., 2003, were won by President Obasanjo and his party, but the results were marred by vote rigging and some violence. The opposition protested the results, and unsuccessfully challenged the presidential election in court. The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict continued into 2004, but a peace deal was reached in mid-June. The Ijaw backed out of the agreement, however, three weeks later. Christian-Muslim tensions also continued to be a problem in 2004, with violent attacks occurring in Kebbi, Kano, and Plateau states.
Obasanjo's government appeared to move more forcefully against government corruption in early 2005. Several government ministers were fired on corruption charges, and the senate speaker resigned after he was accused of taking bribes. A U.S. investigation targeted Nigeria's vice president the same year, and Obasanjo himself agreed to be investigated by the Nigerian financial crimes commission when he was accused of corruption by Orji Uzor Kalu, the governor of Abia and a target of a corruption investigation. Ijaw militants again threatened Niger delta oil operations in Sept., 2005, and several times in subsequent years, resulting in cuts in Nigeria's oil production as large as 25% at times. Since early 2006 the Niger Delta area has seen an increase in kidnappings of foreign oil workers and attacks on oil operations. In Oct., 2005, the government reached an agreement to pay off much of its foreign debt at a discount, a process that was completed in Apr., 2006.
The end of 2005 and early 2006 saw increased contention over whether to amend the constitution to permit the president and state governors to run for more than two terms. The idea had been rejected in July, 2005, by a national political reform conference, but senators reviewing the conference's proposals indicated they supported an end to term limits. The change was opposed by Vice President Atiku Abubakar, but other PDP leaders who objected were removed from their party posts. A census—a contentious event because of ethnic and religious divisions in Nigeria—was taken in Mar., 2006, but the head count was marred by a lack of resources and a number of violent clashes, and many Nigerians were believed to have been left uncounted. In May the Nigerian legislature ended consideration of a third presidential term when it became clear that there was insufficient support for amending the constitution. Nigeria agreed in June, 2006, to turn over the Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon after a two-year transition period; the region was finally ceded in Aug., 2008.
In July the vice president denied taking bribes from a U.S. congressman, but in September the president called for the Nigerian senate to remove the vice president from office for fraud, based on an investigation by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). The senate agreed to investigate the charges, and the PDP suspended the vice president, blocking him from seeking the party's presidential nomination. Abubakar counteraccused Obasanjo of corruption. The EFCC was also investigating most of Nigeria's state governors, but the commission itself was tainted by charges that it was used for political retaliation by Obasanjo and his allies. Several state governors were impeached by legally unsound proceedings, moves that were seen as an attempt by Obasanjo to tighten his control prior to the 2007 presidential election.
When the vice president accepted (Dec., 2006) the presidential nomination of a group of opposition parties, the president accused him of technically resigning and sought to have him removed, an action Abubakar challenged in court; the government backed down the following month, and the courts later sided with Abubakar. In Jan., 2007, the results of the 2006 census were released, and they proved as divisive as previous Nigerian censuses. The census showed that the largely Muslim north had more inhabitants that the south, and many southern political leaders vehemently rejected the results.
In February, the EFCC declared Abubakar and more than 130 other candidates for the April elections unfit due to corruption, and the election commission barred those candidates from running. Abubakar fought the move in court, but the ruling was not overturned until days before the presidential election. The state elections were marred by widespread and blatant vote fraud and intimidation, but the election commission certified nearly all the results, handing gubernatorial victories to the PDP in 27 states. In the presidential election, Umaru Yar'Adua , the relatively unknown governor of Katsina state who was hand-picked by Obasanjo to be the PDP candidate, was declared the winner with 70% of the vote, but fraud and intimidation were so blatant that EU observers called the election a "charade" and the president was forced to admit it was "flawed." Nonetheless, Yar'Adua's inauguration (May) marked the first transition of power between two elected civilian presidents in Nigeria's post-colonial history. Yar'Adua subsequently moved to reorganize and reform the national petroleum company, and the federal government has not interfered with challenges in the courts to state elections. Also in April there was battling between the army and Islamic militants in Kano state after the militants attacked the police there.
Bibliography
See S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria (1966); R. K. Udo, Geographical Regions of Nigeria (1970); C. K. Eicher and C. Liedholm, ed., Growth and Development of the Nigerian Economy (1970); S. K. Painter-Brick, Nigerian Politics and Military Rule: Prelude to Civil War (1970); T. Hodgkin, ed., Nigerian Perspectives (2d ed. 1975); M. Crowder, The Story of Nigeria (4th ed. 1978); A. H. M. Kirk-Greene and D. Rimmer, Nigeria Since 1970 (1981); J. O. Irukwu, Nigeria at the Crossroads (1983); R. Olaniyan, Nigerian History and Culture (1984); T. Falola, The Rise and Fall of Nigeria's Second Republic, 1979-1984 (1985).
Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
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"Nigeria." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 30 Aug. 2010
"Nigeria." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (August 30, 2010). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Nigeria.html
"Nigeria." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Nigeria.html
Learn more about citation styles
Nigeria , officially Federal Republic of Nigeria, republic (2006 provisional pop. 140,003,542), 356,667 sq mi (923,768 sq km), W Africa. It borders on the Gulf of Guinea (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean) in the south, on Benin in the west, on Niger in the northwest and north, on Chad in the northeast, and on Cameroon in the east. Abuja is the capital and Lagos is the largest city.
Land and People
The Niger River and its tributaries (including the Benue, Kaduna, and Kebbi rivers) drain most of the country. Nigeria has a 500-mile (800-km) coastline, for the most part made up of sandy beaches, behind which lies a belt of mangrove swamps and lagoons that averages 10 mi (16 km) in width but increases to c.60 mi (100 km) wide in the great Niger delta in the east. North of the coastal lowlands is a broad hilly region, with rain forest in the south and savanna in the north. Behind the
Saturday, June 26, 2010
Ladies in Nigeria not covering their bosoms.
Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« on: May 27, 2005, 04:06 PM »
Originally: Can someone tell me why our ladies are exposing their bosom?
Everywhere you go today, men, you need an extra measure of self-control because of the kind of blouse our ladies wear this days. Is that the whether is too hot that they can no longer wear blouses that can cover their bosom properly or what?
Na mi o (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #1 on: May 27, 2005, 04:35 PM »
The tin taya mi o my brother. Even as a woman, i get so irritated when i see such sights for sore eyes. I just wish everywoman cld become old fashioned.
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
Aidy (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #2 on: May 27, 2005, 05:38 PM »
Well, it's unfortunate to see our ladies expose their bodies. To me any woman who exposes her self that way simply lacks self confident and moral. You see the reason they do that is becos they want to attract a man. The forget that the man will only get attracted to them just for sexual reason and will be on his heels once the booty has been collected. Our women should not look up to the westernied women who have no culture about decency. We should know better. It's very irritating seeing such, especially the very sagged bosoms that some of them flaunt around!
4evah (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #3 on: May 27, 2005, 11:44 PM »
What I also think is that some just do follow follow (they want to 'belong!)!
Gosh, I feel so bad when I see them around, and I just wonder, "Am I not a lady as well?" but I know we are no equals ...
demmy (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #4 on: May 28, 2005, 04:59 AM »
LOL @ everybody 'feeling bad' because Nigerian ladies are 'exposing' themselves. I'm sure you'll all get use to it. Grin
hotpikin (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #5 on: May 28, 2005, 07:43 AM »
well, 2 me sha oh...it depends on how much of d bosoms r exposed besides it gets disgustin' when u see gurls or ladies wit slipper-like bosoms feelin' like they can expose their bosoms..i be like "worahell were u thinkin'Huh?... Roll Eyes
Seun (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #6 on: May 28, 2005, 11:33 AM »
I don't object to it. Ladies, please feel free to wear as little clothing as you like! Please feel free to display your tummy/navel, cleavage, thigh, armpits, and everything.
But on one condition ... since you are displaying your body for the whole world to see, you must not object to public discussion of those body parts that are exposed. If you have chosen to display a part of your body for men to see, then men must be allowed to talk about it. Thank you!
kazey (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #7 on: May 28, 2005, 01:15 PM »
Nigerian Ladies are exposing their bosom, because thats the fashion this days." SHOW ME YOUR BODY AND I WOULD KNOW HOW COOL YOU ARE". But i taught we love freedom of everything ?
Give them the freedom. Freedom of dressing !!
legry (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #8 on: May 28, 2005, 01:37 PM »
What do you want them dressed in wrapper, trend and civilization its bound to happen, trust me 15 years from now they wont even wear tops or bra exposed bosom would be the fashion we just hope undies would be allowed then Huh Huh
legry (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #9 on: May 28, 2005, 02:00 PM »
people have a lovely holiday ill see you all on tuesday CIAO!!!! Grin Grin Grin Cool Cool Cool
drwhopl (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #10 on: May 31, 2005, 03:15 PM »
You really want to know why Nigerian women expose their bosoms? It's a thing they see in foreign movies or musical videos, so our women want to feel 'among'.
Let me put it this way: they want to show their sexuality because they know they can attract any man to get what they want.
All, in short, is for the dough[money]; you've got to believe me. I'm out.
slimprisi (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #11 on: May 31, 2005, 03:39 PM »
Hey man, you shouldn't blame them. They are just trying to be sexy and set the man out of control and at the same time trying to be attractive to the man.
There was this short amn (Ruky) who was telling me how girls seduce men by wearing all manners of clithing to get the men excited. You know, and most of our men can't resist such a thing and they tend to fall.
Remember, Eve made Adam eat the devil'd fruit and that tells you women are the source of life and death. But I love them (girls). Sometimes they are like God's children and sometimes like the devil angels.
I'm sorry, girls, don't get mad at me. That's how to show the world how it's supposed to go.
legry (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #12 on: May 31, 2005, 04:34 PM »
oga you be rapper abi MC i for like know o
whizkid (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #13 on: May 31, 2005, 05:58 PM »
If you've got it flaunt it. Grin. It is not easy you know, people pay thousands for bosom enlargement and the likes. So guys, you can look but can't touch Grin.
KING GUZU
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #14 on: May 31, 2005, 06:14 PM »
Its a real pity that all sense of decency seems to have been lost but i feel that these are depraved people not deprived.They worsen the already tense environment and turn back to shout sexual harassment.I will not hesitate to take a good look if i see one and feel no qualms about it Grin
donssignour
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #15 on: May 31, 2005, 06:35 PM »
Quote from: drwhopl on May 31, 2005, 03:15 PM
You really want to know why Nigerian women expose their bosoms? It's a thing they see in foreign movies or musical videos, so our women want to feel 'among'.
Let me put it this way: they want to show their sexuality because they know they can attract any man to get what they want.
All, in short, is for the dough[money]; you've got to believe me. I'm out.
abrakson (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #16 on: May 31, 2005, 07:36 PM »
hi all
i be woman to oo but i agree with 4evah na follow follow dey do dem
i tink its an indecent thing to do revaeling your most treasured possession to all is not worth it
what then will they look forward to seeing when u have reveled all so i think thats why guys just use them and dump them well its an opinion dont fuss
mamba (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #17 on: May 31, 2005, 07:52 PM »
They are not exposing their bosoms, they are only exposing their cleavage.....
This is called fashion, it makes them more attractive....
Seun (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #18 on: May 31, 2005, 09:08 PM »
Yeah. 'Cleavage' - space between the bosoms.
Thanks but no thanks, ladies, please keep your cleavage tucked away if you don't want us to talk about it openly like we would talk about your face!
jogego (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #19 on: May 31, 2005, 09:48 PM »
LOL Tongue if you all think Naija girls expose themselves, then you need to see the average jamo girl during summer in London, then you would agree with me that Naija girls dress like Nuns....he he heee
Seun (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #20 on: May 31, 2005, 11:39 PM »
Quote from: KING GUZU
I will not hesitate to take a good look if I see one and feel no qualms about it Grin
Thank you my brother. I made the same decision some time ago. If you don't want me to stare at it or talk about it, please don't display it.
Quote from: trish
So guys, you can look but can't touch. Cheesy
Is that so? Would you like to see a man staring at your cleavage while you're displaying it publicly?
dablessed (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #21 on: June 01, 2005, 12:09 AM »
Jogego,
You dont want to start the Jamo girls issue do you?
jogego (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #22 on: June 01, 2005, 09:50 AM »
Quote from: dablessed on June 01, 2005, 12:09 AM
Jogego,
You dont want to start the Jamo girls issue do you?
emmmm!!! dablessed, what am I starting? Huh
olaide07 (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #23 on: June 01, 2005, 10:43 AM »
Quote from: Aidy on May 27, 2005, 05:38 PM
Well, it's unfortunate to see our ladies expose their bodies. To me any woman who exposes her self that way simply lacks self confident and moral. You see the reason they do that is becos they want to attract a man. The forget that the man will only get attracted to them just for sexual reason and will be on his heels once the booty has been collected. Our women should not look up to the westernied women who have no culture about decency. We should know better. It's very irritating seeing such, especially the very sagged bosoms that some of them flaunt around!
This is a new trend in fashion: clothes that reveal part of the bosom (cleavage and sometimes the bossom). What you wear does not say who you are. Me wearing such does not make me morally debased. I wear it to suit my taste and weather. You don't expect me to wear wool from up to my ankle in a harch weather. Talk about guys that plait their hair.
mosiate (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #24 on: June 01, 2005, 03:16 PM »
This topic looks somehow raw Embarrassed,
Anyway everybody knows why. All the ladies that dress that way want to be sexy because of you guys. To say the truth, it is actually what you want. I mean the whole world would have being boring if all the ladies go on wearing long skirt and blouses all about. It's the latest in town.
But mind you I don't dress that way shaaaaa ...
mamba (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #25 on: June 01, 2005, 08:18 PM »
Lagos is not a sharia state so no yawa!
I personally like the low neckline tops cos it reveals the package the lady has under the top.
It's simply chic and trendy.
paulibling (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #26 on: June 02, 2005, 10:05 AM »
This is unbelievable brethren. This issue has been giving me headache. They do expose themselves because they are irresponsible. Decent girls don't do that nonsense. I'm using this opportunity to tell them that that's not the way to get gentlemen like us. Let them all go away!
[severe editing applied]
dominobaby (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #27 on: June 02, 2005, 11:39 AM »
It seems a shame that gurls have been reduced to an object of lust.
R E S P E C T - that's the way guys got to look at gurls. You don't have to expose all to look trendy, attractive or "in vogue" mind you. I'd rather you don't display your physical, use your mind!
Guys act like all a girl's to be is a sexy sexy thing.
demmy (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #28 on: June 02, 2005, 05:16 PM »
What is wrong with everybody? I can't believe what I'm reading! Now whats wrong with women being sexy? We will rather women start dressing like "ELEHA" in veils?
Seun (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #29 on: June 02, 2005, 07:59 PM »
I do not like seeing what I cannot touch or talk about.
femade05 (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #30 on: June 02, 2005, 08:49 PM »
Angry It's because the family values of old has broken down completely. Worse still, we don't have god role models now.
Anyone that has seen the First Lady, Stella Obasanjo, in recent times shuld not be suprised if young Nigerian girls who are looking up to such people go really unclothed. I dont know whom she wants to impress by exposing her bosoms.
I was embarrased and shocked to my bones when I saw Mrs. Obasanjo clapping and smiling at a fashion show where one of the contestants had one of her bosoms completely uncovered, and the program was aired on NTA Channel 5, Abuja. Its a shame!!!.
Why would such girls not be despoiled? I think Sharia proponents realy have a point here!
God, pplease give us good mothers and role models!!!!
benmike (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #31 on: June 02, 2005, 11:47 PM »
Quote from: demmy on June 02, 2005, 05:16 PM
What is wrong with everybody? I can't believe what I'm reading! Now whats wrong with women being sexy? We will rather women start dressing like "ELEHA" in veils?
Hi, demmy,
I am new here and I was going through the chat and read your reaction to the topic of discussion. Well, I want to say that you are not getting the gist clearly. it is not that women should not look sexy, but that they should be as decent as decent in their outfits.
There are many other ways by which a woman can look sexy and still attract the attention of men but what is the essence of a married woman trying to look sexy? Is she looking for another husband?
In the case of our youths, with I presume you are part of, why in the world should a "lady" considering her african traditional values and culture go to the extent of showing all her valuables to the public just to get a boyfriend?
It's uncalled for. Africans naturally are beautiful; we only need to come to appreciate our colour and natural endowments. If at the end of the day a girl gets a boy who only admires her "burst" and her "buttocks" as she presented it to him and doesnt even love her as a person, she would surely live to regret it. Because the love that is supposed to be for her personality is going to be just for her physical attributes and these are not what makes a human being.
We should learn to present our characters or personalities and see who will appreciate us with them and love us because of them. There are lots to be said about this issue but let me side step for now.
Thank you. Smiley
« on: May 27, 2005, 04:06 PM »
Originally: Can someone tell me why our ladies are exposing their bosom?
Everywhere you go today, men, you need an extra measure of self-control because of the kind of blouse our ladies wear this days. Is that the whether is too hot that they can no longer wear blouses that can cover their bosom properly or what?
Na mi o (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #1 on: May 27, 2005, 04:35 PM »
The tin taya mi o my brother. Even as a woman, i get so irritated when i see such sights for sore eyes. I just wish everywoman cld become old fashioned.
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
Aidy (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #2 on: May 27, 2005, 05:38 PM »
Well, it's unfortunate to see our ladies expose their bodies. To me any woman who exposes her self that way simply lacks self confident and moral. You see the reason they do that is becos they want to attract a man. The forget that the man will only get attracted to them just for sexual reason and will be on his heels once the booty has been collected. Our women should not look up to the westernied women who have no culture about decency. We should know better. It's very irritating seeing such, especially the very sagged bosoms that some of them flaunt around!
4evah (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #3 on: May 27, 2005, 11:44 PM »
What I also think is that some just do follow follow (they want to 'belong!)!
Gosh, I feel so bad when I see them around, and I just wonder, "Am I not a lady as well?" but I know we are no equals ...
demmy (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #4 on: May 28, 2005, 04:59 AM »
LOL @ everybody 'feeling bad' because Nigerian ladies are 'exposing' themselves. I'm sure you'll all get use to it. Grin
hotpikin (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #5 on: May 28, 2005, 07:43 AM »
well, 2 me sha oh...it depends on how much of d bosoms r exposed besides it gets disgustin' when u see gurls or ladies wit slipper-like bosoms feelin' like they can expose their bosoms..i be like "worahell were u thinkin'Huh?... Roll Eyes
Seun (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #6 on: May 28, 2005, 11:33 AM »
I don't object to it. Ladies, please feel free to wear as little clothing as you like! Please feel free to display your tummy/navel, cleavage, thigh, armpits, and everything.
But on one condition ... since you are displaying your body for the whole world to see, you must not object to public discussion of those body parts that are exposed. If you have chosen to display a part of your body for men to see, then men must be allowed to talk about it. Thank you!
kazey (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #7 on: May 28, 2005, 01:15 PM »
Nigerian Ladies are exposing their bosom, because thats the fashion this days." SHOW ME YOUR BODY AND I WOULD KNOW HOW COOL YOU ARE". But i taught we love freedom of everything ?
Give them the freedom. Freedom of dressing !!
legry (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #8 on: May 28, 2005, 01:37 PM »
What do you want them dressed in wrapper, trend and civilization its bound to happen, trust me 15 years from now they wont even wear tops or bra exposed bosom would be the fashion we just hope undies would be allowed then Huh Huh
legry (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #9 on: May 28, 2005, 02:00 PM »
people have a lovely holiday ill see you all on tuesday CIAO!!!! Grin Grin Grin Cool Cool Cool
drwhopl (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #10 on: May 31, 2005, 03:15 PM »
You really want to know why Nigerian women expose their bosoms? It's a thing they see in foreign movies or musical videos, so our women want to feel 'among'.
Let me put it this way: they want to show their sexuality because they know they can attract any man to get what they want.
All, in short, is for the dough[money]; you've got to believe me. I'm out.
slimprisi (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #11 on: May 31, 2005, 03:39 PM »
Hey man, you shouldn't blame them. They are just trying to be sexy and set the man out of control and at the same time trying to be attractive to the man.
There was this short amn (Ruky) who was telling me how girls seduce men by wearing all manners of clithing to get the men excited. You know, and most of our men can't resist such a thing and they tend to fall.
Remember, Eve made Adam eat the devil'd fruit and that tells you women are the source of life and death. But I love them (girls). Sometimes they are like God's children and sometimes like the devil angels.
I'm sorry, girls, don't get mad at me. That's how to show the world how it's supposed to go.
legry (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #12 on: May 31, 2005, 04:34 PM »
oga you be rapper abi MC i for like know o
whizkid (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #13 on: May 31, 2005, 05:58 PM »
If you've got it flaunt it. Grin. It is not easy you know, people pay thousands for bosom enlargement and the likes. So guys, you can look but can't touch Grin.
KING GUZU
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #14 on: May 31, 2005, 06:14 PM »
Its a real pity that all sense of decency seems to have been lost but i feel that these are depraved people not deprived.They worsen the already tense environment and turn back to shout sexual harassment.I will not hesitate to take a good look if i see one and feel no qualms about it Grin
donssignour
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #15 on: May 31, 2005, 06:35 PM »
Quote from: drwhopl on May 31, 2005, 03:15 PM
You really want to know why Nigerian women expose their bosoms? It's a thing they see in foreign movies or musical videos, so our women want to feel 'among'.
Let me put it this way: they want to show their sexuality because they know they can attract any man to get what they want.
All, in short, is for the dough[money]; you've got to believe me. I'm out.
abrakson (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #16 on: May 31, 2005, 07:36 PM »
hi all
i be woman to oo but i agree with 4evah na follow follow dey do dem
i tink its an indecent thing to do revaeling your most treasured possession to all is not worth it
what then will they look forward to seeing when u have reveled all so i think thats why guys just use them and dump them well its an opinion dont fuss
mamba (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #17 on: May 31, 2005, 07:52 PM »
They are not exposing their bosoms, they are only exposing their cleavage.....
This is called fashion, it makes them more attractive....
Seun (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #18 on: May 31, 2005, 09:08 PM »
Yeah. 'Cleavage' - space between the bosoms.
Thanks but no thanks, ladies, please keep your cleavage tucked away if you don't want us to talk about it openly like we would talk about your face!
jogego (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #19 on: May 31, 2005, 09:48 PM »
LOL Tongue if you all think Naija girls expose themselves, then you need to see the average jamo girl during summer in London, then you would agree with me that Naija girls dress like Nuns....he he heee
Seun (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #20 on: May 31, 2005, 11:39 PM »
Quote from: KING GUZU
I will not hesitate to take a good look if I see one and feel no qualms about it Grin
Thank you my brother. I made the same decision some time ago. If you don't want me to stare at it or talk about it, please don't display it.
Quote from: trish
So guys, you can look but can't touch. Cheesy
Is that so? Would you like to see a man staring at your cleavage while you're displaying it publicly?
dablessed (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #21 on: June 01, 2005, 12:09 AM »
Jogego,
You dont want to start the Jamo girls issue do you?
jogego (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #22 on: June 01, 2005, 09:50 AM »
Quote from: dablessed on June 01, 2005, 12:09 AM
Jogego,
You dont want to start the Jamo girls issue do you?
emmmm!!! dablessed, what am I starting? Huh
olaide07 (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #23 on: June 01, 2005, 10:43 AM »
Quote from: Aidy on May 27, 2005, 05:38 PM
Well, it's unfortunate to see our ladies expose their bodies. To me any woman who exposes her self that way simply lacks self confident and moral. You see the reason they do that is becos they want to attract a man. The forget that the man will only get attracted to them just for sexual reason and will be on his heels once the booty has been collected. Our women should not look up to the westernied women who have no culture about decency. We should know better. It's very irritating seeing such, especially the very sagged bosoms that some of them flaunt around!
This is a new trend in fashion: clothes that reveal part of the bosom (cleavage and sometimes the bossom). What you wear does not say who you are. Me wearing such does not make me morally debased. I wear it to suit my taste and weather. You don't expect me to wear wool from up to my ankle in a harch weather. Talk about guys that plait their hair.
mosiate (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #24 on: June 01, 2005, 03:16 PM »
This topic looks somehow raw Embarrassed,
Anyway everybody knows why. All the ladies that dress that way want to be sexy because of you guys. To say the truth, it is actually what you want. I mean the whole world would have being boring if all the ladies go on wearing long skirt and blouses all about. It's the latest in town.
But mind you I don't dress that way shaaaaa ...
mamba (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #25 on: June 01, 2005, 08:18 PM »
Lagos is not a sharia state so no yawa!
I personally like the low neckline tops cos it reveals the package the lady has under the top.
It's simply chic and trendy.
paulibling (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #26 on: June 02, 2005, 10:05 AM »
This is unbelievable brethren. This issue has been giving me headache. They do expose themselves because they are irresponsible. Decent girls don't do that nonsense. I'm using this opportunity to tell them that that's not the way to get gentlemen like us. Let them all go away!
[severe editing applied]
dominobaby (f)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #27 on: June 02, 2005, 11:39 AM »
It seems a shame that gurls have been reduced to an object of lust.
R E S P E C T - that's the way guys got to look at gurls. You don't have to expose all to look trendy, attractive or "in vogue" mind you. I'd rather you don't display your physical, use your mind!
Guys act like all a girl's to be is a sexy sexy thing.
demmy (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #28 on: June 02, 2005, 05:16 PM »
What is wrong with everybody? I can't believe what I'm reading! Now whats wrong with women being sexy? We will rather women start dressing like "ELEHA" in veils?
Seun (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #29 on: June 02, 2005, 07:59 PM »
I do not like seeing what I cannot touch or talk about.
femade05 (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #30 on: June 02, 2005, 08:49 PM »
Angry It's because the family values of old has broken down completely. Worse still, we don't have god role models now.
Anyone that has seen the First Lady, Stella Obasanjo, in recent times shuld not be suprised if young Nigerian girls who are looking up to such people go really unclothed. I dont know whom she wants to impress by exposing her bosoms.
I was embarrased and shocked to my bones when I saw Mrs. Obasanjo clapping and smiling at a fashion show where one of the contestants had one of her bosoms completely uncovered, and the program was aired on NTA Channel 5, Abuja. Its a shame!!!.
Why would such girls not be despoiled? I think Sharia proponents realy have a point here!
God, pplease give us good mothers and role models!!!!
benmike (m)
Re: Ladies in Nigeria Not Covering up their Bosoms
« #31 on: June 02, 2005, 11:47 PM »
Quote from: demmy on June 02, 2005, 05:16 PM
What is wrong with everybody? I can't believe what I'm reading! Now whats wrong with women being sexy? We will rather women start dressing like "ELEHA" in veils?
Hi, demmy,
I am new here and I was going through the chat and read your reaction to the topic of discussion. Well, I want to say that you are not getting the gist clearly. it is not that women should not look sexy, but that they should be as decent as decent in their outfits.
There are many other ways by which a woman can look sexy and still attract the attention of men but what is the essence of a married woman trying to look sexy? Is she looking for another husband?
In the case of our youths, with I presume you are part of, why in the world should a "lady" considering her african traditional values and culture go to the extent of showing all her valuables to the public just to get a boyfriend?
It's uncalled for. Africans naturally are beautiful; we only need to come to appreciate our colour and natural endowments. If at the end of the day a girl gets a boy who only admires her "burst" and her "buttocks" as she presented it to him and doesnt even love her as a person, she would surely live to regret it. Because the love that is supposed to be for her personality is going to be just for her physical attributes and these are not what makes a human being.
We should learn to present our characters or personalities and see who will appreciate us with them and love us because of them. There are lots to be said about this issue but let me side step for now.
Thank you. Smiley
Friday, June 25, 2010
Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers?
Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« on: February 07, 2006, 09:08 PM »
just want to know if theres anything like true love among nigerian lovers.not trying to be sacarstic about it. can people love without attaching alot of qualities,these days is like love is synomynous to good qualities mainly materials. pls put me wrong or educate me if i am uninformed
hot-angel (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #1 on: February 07, 2006, 10:54 PM »
Well yes.
smartsoft (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #2 on: February 08, 2006, 01:33 AM »
It exit, when you find that real person.. but believe me..i will keep saying it.. Love is a course on is own..samething like relationship you got to study very hard before you can say u love someone because that word love is kind of strong..
so it exit if you have someone who understands it better.
layi (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #3 on: February 08, 2006, 12:24 PM »
Is there any such thing as a "Nigerian Lover".
juwon (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #4 on: February 08, 2006, 01:14 PM »
well i do it every girl i date i take them as mother of my kids to be but they seems to bleep up all times may be becos i show them i fall in love so much becos i do pet women and care although i got no money but seriously i give out wat a woman needs 100%
funloving (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #5 on: February 08, 2006, 01:21 PM »
This topic gives me a strong feeling that Nigerians do not even believe in love and romance and that we are incapable of true love.
I have been following a number of threads on this site and the impression I get is that Nigerians are poor lovers and clueless when it comes to romance.
I am kind of scared and sad because while I haven't bother myself with intimate relationships with girls(I don't believe in dating for dating sake unless I want to marry the girl) I wish to have a beautiful, romantic and lovely relationship when the time comes.But is seems my people have lost or do not have the touch.
Anyway,I believe true love can still exist among Nigerians .You just have to pray and search for the right person.
DAMMYGLOW (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #6 on: February 08, 2006, 01:36 PM »
LOVE does exist but it is very scarce
especially with the guys
they are so stingy with their feeling (there are some good ones though)
when a girl loves you
she put in her very best to make it work
but with guys (some) they claim they love you
and still cheat on you.
i dont expect everyone to agree with my view but
i beleive most ladies agree with me
maurice231 (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #7 on: February 08, 2006, 01:55 PM »
Before we can address this issue, we have to know the meaning of TRUE LOVE.
So let somebody tell us the meaning of true love.
smartsoft (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #8 on: February 08, 2006, 10:48 PM »
You can lead us. plsssssssss
b_e_b_e (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #9 on: February 09, 2006, 05:33 AM »
Quote from: juwon on February 08, 2006, 01:14 PM
well i do it every girl i date i take them as mother of my kids to be but they seems to mess up all times may be because i show them i fall in love so much because i do pet women and care although i got no money but seriously i give out what a woman needs 100%
Well, to the unappreciative women out there who don't understand that a man's love can be genuine, you are probably perceived as being weak because you give your all in the relationship and cater to them. It does not take money, money, money, money to do thoughtful things for a woman. You can be creative and give something original and if she's the right type of woman the original gift will be just as special to her than if you were to go out and buy something.
Try to get to know a person before you give your all. You can tell where someone is coming from or if they possess the qualities you desire them to have just by spending time talking to them. Just listen closely to what is being said (even in general conversation when you are around others).
b_e_b_e (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #10 on: February 09, 2006, 05:34 AM »
and yes............................TRUE LOVE does exist Smiley
chistiana (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #11 on: November 03, 2006, 12:19 PM »
True Love do exist havent u seen where A man of 45 marries a lady of 17 years,
Thats when i know the so called love exist: but one thing about we Nigerian is that we cant even differenciate between love and Lust cause they have so many things in common.
ThoniaSlim (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #12 on: November 09, 2006, 11:38 PM »
love exist.
chistiana (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #13 on: November 10, 2006, 08:59 AM »
Quote from: maurice231 on February 08, 2006, 01:55 PM
Before we can address this issue, we have to know the meaning of TRUE LOVE.
So let somebody tell us the meaning of true love.
Here is the meaning of Love
i think love is never tired of waiting; love is kind; love has no envy; love has no high opinion of itself, love has no pride; love's ways are ever fair, it takes no thought for itself; it is not quickly made angry, it keeps no accounts of wrong; it takes no pleasure in wrongdoing, but has joy in what is true; love has the power of undergoing all things, having faith in all things, hoping all things. though the prophet's word may come to an end, tongues come to nothing, and knowledge have no more value, love has no end.
Descriptions fo been In Love
I believe that love can be described in more ways than one and there sure are different kinds of love you feel for someone but when you can't eat and can't sleep because all you think about is that special someone than you are definately in love. Ever sit on the couch thinking your going to relax and read a book or something and you look down and your on page 10 of the book but because your mind is thinking about the person you just can't seem to get your mind off of you have to go all the way back to page number one, or you have a date with that special someone and when you glance at him/her for the first time that night your stomach knots with butterflies and you suddenly feel so sick because there's the man(woman) of your dreams standing in front of you, my defintion of love is when you can't wait to see that person again; when you get dropped off at home but run for the phone just so you can hear their voice once again; when you would give anything to be together just five more minutes; you trust them with all of your heart; your comfortable together and know you could talk about anyhting; you are there for each other no matter what good or bad; you stand beside them proudly with confidence and last but definately not least, sharing speacial moments that one day you know will make wonderful memories to look back on and share with the ones you love the most
jammin (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #14 on: November 10, 2006, 08:40 PM »
christiana i dont agree with you Cool
hot chic (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #15 on: November 10, 2006, 09:02 PM »
I personally,am findin it hard 2 believe that true love exist.As a matter of fact d best love am seeing out dea is reciprocal luv,the luv of treating him the way he treats me and vice versa,funny though i went through a proposal topic and guyz talk abt kneelin down wen dey wanna propose but after d wedding wot happens.I no believe in this kind true luv thingy oooooo.And women wey no divorce dea man no be luv wey dey dea na 4 dea kids sake and 4 d kind face wey pple go dey take luk @ dem.
chistiana (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #16 on: November 11, 2006, 09:02 AM »
Quote from: jammin on November 10, 2006, 08:40 PM
christiana i don't agree with you Cool
If u dont agree with me u prove urs beside are u in the opposite side or the right side which one u dey.
chistiana (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #17 on: November 11, 2006, 09:31 AM »
Quote from: jammin on November 10, 2006, 08:40 PM
christiana i don't agree with you Cool
If u dont agree with me u prove urs beside are u in the opposite side or the right side which one u dey.
boladonas (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #18 on: November 26, 2006, 12:10 AM »
Quote from: chistiana on November 03, 2006, 12:19 PM
True Love do exist havent u seen where A man of 45 marries a lady of 17 years,
Thats when i know the so called love exist: but one thing about we Nigerian is that we can't even differenciate between love and Lust cause they have so many things in common.
Quote from: DAMMYGLOW on February 08, 2006, 01:36 PM
LOVE does exist but it is very scarce
especially with the guys
they are so stingy with their feeling (there are some good ones though)
when a girl loves you
she put in her very best to make it work
but with guys (some) they claim they love you
and still cheat on you.
Christiana , i think u re correct true love exist
@dammy , I disagree with u
Nigerian men who are lovers are genuine lovers
maybe u ve been meeting players
anyway d ladies taught men how to play them lol
i don't expect everyone to agree with my view but
i beleive most ladies agree with me
Busta (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #19 on: November 26, 2006, 03:47 AM »
why stereotype?
hot chic (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #20 on: April 21, 2007, 08:36 PM »
I believe love still exist among Nigerian lovers.Infact Nigerian guys really fall in love but very rare.If you really wait and take your time,you might find your true love,thats if you dont believe you have to bite so many chickens before deciding the best.Be a very decent and modest guy,u cant always eat your cake and have it,its never that bad,there is always someone out there that will treat you right.Dont get that fact into your head,else you will neer find the right patner.
The worst is reciprocal love and thats still ok if you will treat your partner right.
U1 (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #21 on: April 22, 2007, 12:54 PM »
Honestly speaking,that is hard to come across nowadays.But I'm not ruling the possibility
out completely.But what you will likely get from some ladies is this: If you ain't got no
money get your broke butt,HOME(Fergie ft Ludacris)
kingkams (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #22 on: April 22, 2007, 06:00 PM »
Well, let me start by saying in my own world, True love EXISTED. That is due to the fact that most Nigerian girls have already inflicted too much harm. They ptetend to love you but 'KILL' you in some ways. For that, i believe true love cannot work with Nigerian Girls. No offence intended.
samsilo (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #23 on: April 23, 2007, 04:18 AM »
True love definitely exists among Nigerians but like someone said,long mouth no gree vulture make e get full cheeks. Other factors have pushed love to the sideline.In Nigeria today many ,many girls are driven by both poverty and greed.
The disadvantaged position of women due to a male dominated society puts men in a position where a lot of them just look at women as objects that can be bought and paid for. There few jobs after leaving school and many parents cannot meet with their kids demands(not needsoo!).
It is a sad situation and unfortunately I don't see any hope as far as the economy remains the way it is.Its all about money for hair, money for handset , recharge cards Cry Cry
Romance and love tend to flee this sort of arrangements so it is getting rarer than before
byby naija (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #24 on: April 23, 2007, 04:37 AM »
[b] true love does not exist anymore! especially now that we are in world of money rules our woman, they even fancy money than love, they will always tell u love is blind, and love without money, u know what it means,lol. they even prefer to love older man that the younger man, all in the sake of money. who knows what might happen in ten years to come, maybe woman will always love woman (lesbian) and man will always love man (gay) in Nigeria and get married. But my answer to your question is, that i believe my girl friend love me, lol
Aproko (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #25 on: April 23, 2007, 11:48 AM »
true love does exist in Nigeria though it may be hard to find.
Quote from: byby naija on April 23, 2007, 04:37 AM
[b] true love does not exist anymore! especially now that we are in world of money rules our woman, they even fancy money than love, they will always tell u love is blind, and love without money, u know what it means,lol. they even prefer to love older man that the younger man, all in the sake of money. who knows what might happen in ten years to come, maybe woman will always love woman (lesbian) and man will always love man (gay) in Nigeria and get married. But my answer to your question is, that i believe my girl friend love me, lol
who says there are no gold digging men?
nyabinghi (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #26 on: June 16, 2007, 01:25 PM »
Hi guys,
I don't believe true love exists, most people date for ulterior motives. I want the babes to be factual, u claim to date based on good looks, sizeable bank account and some fetish reasons also the guys "love" for the sexual physique such as hot legs,nice hips, pert arse, cool bosoms et al. I don't really believe in true love. The only true love is the one u can get from your siblings and parents.
Nuff said.
salsera (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #27 on: June 16, 2007, 03:36 PM »
Quote from: nyabinghi on June 16, 2007, 01:25 PM
Hi guys,
I don't believe true love exists, most people date for ulterior motives. I want the babes to be factual, u claim to date based on good looks, sizeable bank account and some fetish reasons also the guys "love" for the sexual physique such as hot legs,nice hips, pert arse, cool bosoms et al. I don't really believe in true love. The only true love is the one u can get from your siblings and parents.
Nuff said.
and how did you come about having parents and siblings
first thought that came to mind when i saw this thread was 'r u white'
cos whats the issue with Nigerian lovers , do we have brown blood rather than white
@poster
r sure someone didnt just jilt you and that's why we are here with Nigerian lovers
like we we have German shepards Wink
next thing we'll have Itsekiri lovers Grin
NaijaFuss (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #28 on: June 20, 2007, 06:59 PM »
Kool YEAH
kemu_lala (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #29 on: June 21, 2007, 06:28 AM »
I doubt it
luxoire (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #30 on: June 21, 2007, 09:42 AM »
WHERE THERE IS HONEST, SINCEREITY, ATTRACTION, and all the necessary ingredients, LOVE WILL EXIST, despite the nationalities, it is human
your question is just a bit rude, and kinda asks, ARE NIGERIANS HUMANS?, heck all humans are capable of love
amaikama (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #31 on: February 25, 2008, 06:08 PM »
"Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers"? Good question! but no answer yet. True love exists but can one find it among Nigerian men / women folks? and what sort of love exist between them?
« on: February 07, 2006, 09:08 PM »
just want to know if theres anything like true love among nigerian lovers.not trying to be sacarstic about it. can people love without attaching alot of qualities,these days is like love is synomynous to good qualities mainly materials. pls put me wrong or educate me if i am uninformed
hot-angel (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #1 on: February 07, 2006, 10:54 PM »
Well yes.
smartsoft (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #2 on: February 08, 2006, 01:33 AM »
It exit, when you find that real person.. but believe me..i will keep saying it.. Love is a course on is own..samething like relationship you got to study very hard before you can say u love someone because that word love is kind of strong..
so it exit if you have someone who understands it better.
layi (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #3 on: February 08, 2006, 12:24 PM »
Is there any such thing as a "Nigerian Lover".
juwon (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #4 on: February 08, 2006, 01:14 PM »
well i do it every girl i date i take them as mother of my kids to be but they seems to bleep up all times may be becos i show them i fall in love so much becos i do pet women and care although i got no money but seriously i give out wat a woman needs 100%
funloving (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #5 on: February 08, 2006, 01:21 PM »
This topic gives me a strong feeling that Nigerians do not even believe in love and romance and that we are incapable of true love.
I have been following a number of threads on this site and the impression I get is that Nigerians are poor lovers and clueless when it comes to romance.
I am kind of scared and sad because while I haven't bother myself with intimate relationships with girls(I don't believe in dating for dating sake unless I want to marry the girl) I wish to have a beautiful, romantic and lovely relationship when the time comes.But is seems my people have lost or do not have the touch.
Anyway,I believe true love can still exist among Nigerians .You just have to pray and search for the right person.
DAMMYGLOW (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #6 on: February 08, 2006, 01:36 PM »
LOVE does exist but it is very scarce
especially with the guys
they are so stingy with their feeling (there are some good ones though)
when a girl loves you
she put in her very best to make it work
but with guys (some) they claim they love you
and still cheat on you.
i dont expect everyone to agree with my view but
i beleive most ladies agree with me
maurice231 (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #7 on: February 08, 2006, 01:55 PM »
Before we can address this issue, we have to know the meaning of TRUE LOVE.
So let somebody tell us the meaning of true love.
smartsoft (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #8 on: February 08, 2006, 10:48 PM »
You can lead us. plsssssssss
b_e_b_e (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #9 on: February 09, 2006, 05:33 AM »
Quote from: juwon on February 08, 2006, 01:14 PM
well i do it every girl i date i take them as mother of my kids to be but they seems to mess up all times may be because i show them i fall in love so much because i do pet women and care although i got no money but seriously i give out what a woman needs 100%
Well, to the unappreciative women out there who don't understand that a man's love can be genuine, you are probably perceived as being weak because you give your all in the relationship and cater to them. It does not take money, money, money, money to do thoughtful things for a woman. You can be creative and give something original and if she's the right type of woman the original gift will be just as special to her than if you were to go out and buy something.
Try to get to know a person before you give your all. You can tell where someone is coming from or if they possess the qualities you desire them to have just by spending time talking to them. Just listen closely to what is being said (even in general conversation when you are around others).
b_e_b_e (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #10 on: February 09, 2006, 05:34 AM »
and yes............................TRUE LOVE does exist Smiley
chistiana (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #11 on: November 03, 2006, 12:19 PM »
True Love do exist havent u seen where A man of 45 marries a lady of 17 years,
Thats when i know the so called love exist: but one thing about we Nigerian is that we cant even differenciate between love and Lust cause they have so many things in common.
ThoniaSlim (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #12 on: November 09, 2006, 11:38 PM »
love exist.
chistiana (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #13 on: November 10, 2006, 08:59 AM »
Quote from: maurice231 on February 08, 2006, 01:55 PM
Before we can address this issue, we have to know the meaning of TRUE LOVE.
So let somebody tell us the meaning of true love.
Here is the meaning of Love
i think love is never tired of waiting; love is kind; love has no envy; love has no high opinion of itself, love has no pride; love's ways are ever fair, it takes no thought for itself; it is not quickly made angry, it keeps no accounts of wrong; it takes no pleasure in wrongdoing, but has joy in what is true; love has the power of undergoing all things, having faith in all things, hoping all things. though the prophet's word may come to an end, tongues come to nothing, and knowledge have no more value, love has no end.
Descriptions fo been In Love
I believe that love can be described in more ways than one and there sure are different kinds of love you feel for someone but when you can't eat and can't sleep because all you think about is that special someone than you are definately in love. Ever sit on the couch thinking your going to relax and read a book or something and you look down and your on page 10 of the book but because your mind is thinking about the person you just can't seem to get your mind off of you have to go all the way back to page number one, or you have a date with that special someone and when you glance at him/her for the first time that night your stomach knots with butterflies and you suddenly feel so sick because there's the man(woman) of your dreams standing in front of you, my defintion of love is when you can't wait to see that person again; when you get dropped off at home but run for the phone just so you can hear their voice once again; when you would give anything to be together just five more minutes; you trust them with all of your heart; your comfortable together and know you could talk about anyhting; you are there for each other no matter what good or bad; you stand beside them proudly with confidence and last but definately not least, sharing speacial moments that one day you know will make wonderful memories to look back on and share with the ones you love the most
jammin (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #14 on: November 10, 2006, 08:40 PM »
christiana i dont agree with you Cool
hot chic (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #15 on: November 10, 2006, 09:02 PM »
I personally,am findin it hard 2 believe that true love exist.As a matter of fact d best love am seeing out dea is reciprocal luv,the luv of treating him the way he treats me and vice versa,funny though i went through a proposal topic and guyz talk abt kneelin down wen dey wanna propose but after d wedding wot happens.I no believe in this kind true luv thingy oooooo.And women wey no divorce dea man no be luv wey dey dea na 4 dea kids sake and 4 d kind face wey pple go dey take luk @ dem.
chistiana (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #16 on: November 11, 2006, 09:02 AM »
Quote from: jammin on November 10, 2006, 08:40 PM
christiana i don't agree with you Cool
If u dont agree with me u prove urs beside are u in the opposite side or the right side which one u dey.
chistiana (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #17 on: November 11, 2006, 09:31 AM »
Quote from: jammin on November 10, 2006, 08:40 PM
christiana i don't agree with you Cool
If u dont agree with me u prove urs beside are u in the opposite side or the right side which one u dey.
boladonas (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #18 on: November 26, 2006, 12:10 AM »
Quote from: chistiana on November 03, 2006, 12:19 PM
True Love do exist havent u seen where A man of 45 marries a lady of 17 years,
Thats when i know the so called love exist: but one thing about we Nigerian is that we can't even differenciate between love and Lust cause they have so many things in common.
Quote from: DAMMYGLOW on February 08, 2006, 01:36 PM
LOVE does exist but it is very scarce
especially with the guys
they are so stingy with their feeling (there are some good ones though)
when a girl loves you
she put in her very best to make it work
but with guys (some) they claim they love you
and still cheat on you.
Christiana , i think u re correct true love exist
@dammy , I disagree with u
Nigerian men who are lovers are genuine lovers
maybe u ve been meeting players
anyway d ladies taught men how to play them lol
i don't expect everyone to agree with my view but
i beleive most ladies agree with me
Busta (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #19 on: November 26, 2006, 03:47 AM »
why stereotype?
hot chic (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #20 on: April 21, 2007, 08:36 PM »
I believe love still exist among Nigerian lovers.Infact Nigerian guys really fall in love but very rare.If you really wait and take your time,you might find your true love,thats if you dont believe you have to bite so many chickens before deciding the best.Be a very decent and modest guy,u cant always eat your cake and have it,its never that bad,there is always someone out there that will treat you right.Dont get that fact into your head,else you will neer find the right patner.
The worst is reciprocal love and thats still ok if you will treat your partner right.
U1 (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #21 on: April 22, 2007, 12:54 PM »
Honestly speaking,that is hard to come across nowadays.But I'm not ruling the possibility
out completely.But what you will likely get from some ladies is this: If you ain't got no
money get your broke butt,HOME(Fergie ft Ludacris)
kingkams (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #22 on: April 22, 2007, 06:00 PM »
Well, let me start by saying in my own world, True love EXISTED. That is due to the fact that most Nigerian girls have already inflicted too much harm. They ptetend to love you but 'KILL' you in some ways. For that, i believe true love cannot work with Nigerian Girls. No offence intended.
samsilo (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #23 on: April 23, 2007, 04:18 AM »
True love definitely exists among Nigerians but like someone said,long mouth no gree vulture make e get full cheeks. Other factors have pushed love to the sideline.In Nigeria today many ,many girls are driven by both poverty and greed.
The disadvantaged position of women due to a male dominated society puts men in a position where a lot of them just look at women as objects that can be bought and paid for. There few jobs after leaving school and many parents cannot meet with their kids demands(not needsoo!).
It is a sad situation and unfortunately I don't see any hope as far as the economy remains the way it is.Its all about money for hair, money for handset , recharge cards Cry Cry
Romance and love tend to flee this sort of arrangements so it is getting rarer than before
byby naija (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #24 on: April 23, 2007, 04:37 AM »
[b] true love does not exist anymore! especially now that we are in world of money rules our woman, they even fancy money than love, they will always tell u love is blind, and love without money, u know what it means,lol. they even prefer to love older man that the younger man, all in the sake of money. who knows what might happen in ten years to come, maybe woman will always love woman (lesbian) and man will always love man (gay) in Nigeria and get married. But my answer to your question is, that i believe my girl friend love me, lol
Aproko (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #25 on: April 23, 2007, 11:48 AM »
true love does exist in Nigeria though it may be hard to find.
Quote from: byby naija on April 23, 2007, 04:37 AM
[b] true love does not exist anymore! especially now that we are in world of money rules our woman, they even fancy money than love, they will always tell u love is blind, and love without money, u know what it means,lol. they even prefer to love older man that the younger man, all in the sake of money. who knows what might happen in ten years to come, maybe woman will always love woman (lesbian) and man will always love man (gay) in Nigeria and get married. But my answer to your question is, that i believe my girl friend love me, lol
who says there are no gold digging men?
nyabinghi (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #26 on: June 16, 2007, 01:25 PM »
Hi guys,
I don't believe true love exists, most people date for ulterior motives. I want the babes to be factual, u claim to date based on good looks, sizeable bank account and some fetish reasons also the guys "love" for the sexual physique such as hot legs,nice hips, pert arse, cool bosoms et al. I don't really believe in true love. The only true love is the one u can get from your siblings and parents.
Nuff said.
salsera (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #27 on: June 16, 2007, 03:36 PM »
Quote from: nyabinghi on June 16, 2007, 01:25 PM
Hi guys,
I don't believe true love exists, most people date for ulterior motives. I want the babes to be factual, u claim to date based on good looks, sizeable bank account and some fetish reasons also the guys "love" for the sexual physique such as hot legs,nice hips, pert arse, cool bosoms et al. I don't really believe in true love. The only true love is the one u can get from your siblings and parents.
Nuff said.
and how did you come about having parents and siblings
first thought that came to mind when i saw this thread was 'r u white'
cos whats the issue with Nigerian lovers , do we have brown blood rather than white
@poster
r sure someone didnt just jilt you and that's why we are here with Nigerian lovers
like we we have German shepards Wink
next thing we'll have Itsekiri lovers Grin
NaijaFuss (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #28 on: June 20, 2007, 06:59 PM »
Kool YEAH
kemu_lala (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #29 on: June 21, 2007, 06:28 AM »
I doubt it
luxoire (f)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #30 on: June 21, 2007, 09:42 AM »
WHERE THERE IS HONEST, SINCEREITY, ATTRACTION, and all the necessary ingredients, LOVE WILL EXIST, despite the nationalities, it is human
your question is just a bit rude, and kinda asks, ARE NIGERIANS HUMANS?, heck all humans are capable of love
amaikama (m)
Re: Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers
« #31 on: February 25, 2008, 06:08 PM »
"Does True Love Exist Among Nigerian Lovers"? Good question! but no answer yet. True love exists but can one find it among Nigerian men / women folks? and what sort of love exist between them?
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